Master of Professional Accounting

Question: Talk about the Master of Professional Accounting. Answer: Presentation: In the paper introduced here, estimation of property, plant and gear of the tow chose ASX recorded organizations has been talked about. Rio Tinto constrained and BHP Billiton Limited are the two organizations chose for the investigation of the estimation of PPE either at reasonable worth model and cost premise. Reasonable model is utilized for remeasuring the advantages at reasonable worth. Reasonable worth is the sum gotten from moving of the obligation and from selling of advantages at the estimation date and between the gatherings to exchanges (Level et al., 2014). There is a misfortune in acknowledgment whether there is a disintegration in measure of non-current resources. Conversation: A portion of the variables considered by organizations while revaluating their advantages utilizing reasonable worth model are as per the following: Money related arrangement of advantages An association should be refreshed preceding the benefits are being classified available to be purchased in case of revaluating the advantages at the reasonable worth. At the point when the benefits are sorted available to be purchased, in such case cost of deals are treated in the pay articulation (Edwards, 2013). Review charges there are more noteworthy cost engaged with revaluation of benefits. The examiners are required to talk about in detail the revalued figures and this devours more prominent measure of time. Judgment of appraisers shapes the premise of revaluation of advantages. For the control of net benefit of organizations, more significant level specialists depends on utilizing reasonable benefit of bookkeeping. While revaluating the plant, property and gear, the foreseen collected deterioration ought to be deducted from the revalued sum at the date of revaluation (Hambrick et al., 2014). Asymmetry data and requirements of remote partners The associations recorded on Australian trade have made broadening in the matter of regulates budgetary market. It is chiefly because of the limited size of securities exchange in Australia. Subsequently, associations engaged with universal business are required to convey data to both local and worldwide financial specialists. Money related quality of such association ought to be improved by minimization of unbalanced data. For achievement of target, administrators are required to direct an upward revaluation of the goal (Kaplan Atkinson, 2015). Highlights of firms-the political expense is related with the size of the firm and the mediation of enactment influences the open door costs. According to existing riches in the types of non-current resources, it very well may be seen that perceivability of firm is most prominent. This would attract the consideration of the agents association at more significant level of benefit. In such manner, the executives of large estimated association would limit the arrival of value and resources by applying the revaluation in upward manner. At the point when the board means to decrease the political costs, it is required to limit the capital addition from the deal estimation of advantages (Braun et al., 2013). The two ASX recorded organizations that quantifies their property, plant and hardware with both expense and reasonable worth are BHP Billiton Limited and Rio tinto Limited. BHP Billiton Limited: All the advantages of the BHP Billiton are at first perceived at reasonable estimation of thought. The worth is at the net of exchange expenses and they are thusly conveyed forward at amortized cost or reasonable worth. Property, plant and gear of BHP Billiton Limited is recorded at cost less disability charges and amassed devaluation. Such resources are obtained at cost that is the reasonable estimation of thought. It additionally include direct costs that is engaged with carrying the advantages for area and important condition for activity (Hoyle et al., 2015). Gauge future cost connection to recovery and conclusion of office is additionally engaged with such expenses. The fittingness of proceeding to convey forward expenses corresponding to PPE is likewise decided. Such expenses are conveyed forward to the degree with the goal that it is conceivable to recuperate the promoted costs by effectively misusing the territory of intrigue. Recoverable measure of PPE is dictated by making a gauge with respect to the current estimations of future incomes (Bhpbilliton.com, 2017). Rio Tinto Limited: Plant, property and hardware (PPE) of Rio Tinto constrained is expressed at cost as characterized by IAS 16 and the worth is recorded less of gathered impedance misfortunes and aggregated deterioration. Reclamation cost related with the advantages and evaluated close down are remembered for the expense of PPE (Brown, 2014). The administration underwrites a portion of the cost that are brought about while appointing of the new resources. Enthusiasm on acquiring identifying with formative ventures are likewise promoted. Capitalization is done in such manner that means to give future monetary advantage (Riotinto.com, 2017). Resources whose creation are not ready to change from year to year are devalued on short line premise. End: It tends to be closed from the above conversation that there are a few factors that would influence the choice of the organization with respect to the revaluation of advantages suing the reasonable worth model. A portion of the factor are highlights of firms, needs of investor, hilter kilter data and review charges paid for inspecting of fiscal reports. The two-chose association that is recorded on Australian Stock trade are BHP Billiton Limited and Rio Tinto Limited that qualities their plant, property and gear dependent on reasonable worth and cost premise. Such techniques are for the most part utilized by the association to give the outer clients of the budget summaries with the helpful and solid data about the propertys real worth. Reference: Bhpbilliton.com. (2017). Recovered 15 April 2017, from https://www.bhpbilliton.com/ -/media/bhp/records/financial specialists/yearly reports/2016/bhpbillitonannualreport2016_interactive.pdf Riotinto.com. (2017). Recovered 15 April 2017, from https://www.riotinto.com/archives/RT_2016_Annual_report.pdf Level, E. M. M., Schndube-Pirchegger, B. (2014). Bookkeeping hypothesis. Hambrick, D. Z., Altmann, E. M., Oswald, F. L., Meinz, E. J., Gobet, F., Campitelli, G. (2014). Representing master execution: The fiend is in the details.Intelligence,45, 112-114. Braun, K. W., Tietz, W. M., Harrison, W. T. (2013).Managerial bookkeeping. Pearson. Kaplan, R. S., Atkinson, A. A. (2015).Advanced administration bookkeeping. PHI Learning. Hoyle, J. B., Schaefer, T., Doupnik, T. (2015).Advanced bookkeeping. McGraw Hill. Earthy colored, R. (2014).A history of bookkeeping and bookkeepers. Routledge. Edwards, J. R. (2013).A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting)(Vol. 29). Routledge.

Strategy of Goggle

Examination of Goggle Larry and Brinn established this substance during the 1990s. Be that as it may, the substance had an alternate name, Back Rub. The authors of the substance were students at Stanford University. The two understudies built up a web search tool that could rate site significance by means of assessment of back links.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual investigation test on Strategy of Goggle explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The above development would bolster the endeavors of incalculable elements in the Information innovation (IT) division. The organizers later enlisted the element in California. The element produced its salary just as web search tools. Regardless, the element as of now has differentiated its tasks into a variety of subsectors in the PC business (Clay Esparza, 2012). What is happening? In the earlier decade, Goggle has made some keen acquisitions. The acquisitions have involved elements that would supplement Goggleà ¢â‚¬â„¢s tasks. Moreover, the procured elements would empower expansion and formation of new items. Goggle’s pay starts predominately from ads regardless of the element managing in cell phone programming and other product. The substance additionally sells search machines. In 2010, Goggle was the most loved pursuit gadget. This indicates the entity’s mastery of the market. In America, the element serves more than 60% of the hunt demands. The pattern is comparable universally. Goggle likewise has a tremendous workforce that executes its day by day tasks. The entity’s the board of the work power has finished in developments like YouTube, a music internet searcher. Such an undertaking has earned the substance colossal returns. The substance has built up various server farms. The server farms will encourage infiltration into rewarding markets in Asia. Furthermore, they have uncovered Goggle’s responsibility towards a perfect situation. By and large, advancemen ts and item creation have encouraged development in Goggle. SWOT Analysis Strengths The element has dealt with its staff in a smart way permitting the element to profit by their mastery. Activities like You Tube have radiated from the imagination of its workers. Notwithstanding, the substance has earned amazing incomes from such developments. Also, the worldwide network is using the web incredibly. Subsequently, there is a practical interest for Goggle’s items all inclusive. Google has differentiated its items lessening its hazard as a substance. Accordingly, disappointment of an item would have insignificant ramifications on the substances fortunes.Advertising Looking for contextual investigation on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Weaknesses The element loses salary through forging of its items. This is basic practice particularly corresponding to application item. Along these lines, Gogg le should request of specialists to uphold fake enactment to limit its misfortunes. Openings Innovations are basic to the endurance of this element. Subsequently, Goggle needs to furnish the customer base with better items in every case consequently, winning more demographic. Moreover, there are rewarding markets in the developing economies that the substance can bridle. Dangers The element works in an exceedingly serious market. Accordingly, Goggle needs to guarantee that it is at standard with its opponents. It ought to guarantee that it improves its items constantly. Google is overwhelmingly subject to continues exuding from publicizing. In like manner, vacillation in such salaries would influence the firm extensively. Nuisance Analysis Strengths Advancement in innovation will influence this substance decidedly. Mechanical movement will have significant effects in the developing markets that are falling behind innovatively. Such progressions will make interest for Goggle’s items. Its staff the board technique is extraordinary subsequently, permitting the element to use the imagination of its workers instead of giving monotonous obligations that don't bolster profession development. Shortcomings Google works in an industry which changes quickly. Thusly, the element requires supported research on item improvement. Inability to do so will permit its rival’s items to outperform its own. This would be negative since the customer base consistently pick the best items. References Clay, B. Esparza, S. (2012). Website streamlining across the board for fakers. California, CA: Wiley distribution. This contextual analysis on Strategy of Goggle was composed and put together by client Casey Carter to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Mixed Episode Criteria for Bipolar Disorder

Mixed Episode Criteria for Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Print Mixed Episode Criteria for Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 25, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights ake1150sb / Getty Images We tend to think of  bipolar disorder  as a disease characterized by alternating bouts of  depression  and  mania. While it is true that some people with the disorder will experience a distinctive pendulum swing in moods, with clear highs and lows, more often than not the clinical picture will not be so obvious. In many cases, the depressive episodes may be the defining feature of the disease with only brief moments of mood elevation. At other times, a person may experience a less severe form of mania known as  hypomania in which the elevated mood may not be so apparent, especially to casual observers. More confusing yet is a condition known as bipolar disorder with mixed features in which a person will simultaneously experience depression and mania. While this may seem contradictoryâ€"to have a manic and depressed state all at the same timeâ€"it is more common than you may think. Understanding Bipolar Disorder With Mixed Features According to a  2015 study  from the University of Siena School of Medicine, around 40% of people with bipolar disorder will experience a mixed episode at least once during the course of their disease.?? Bipolar disorder with mixed features is a term used to describe either a manic state with depressive symptoms or a depressive state with manic symptoms. While the distinction may seem incidental, the two mood states are, in fact, clearly delineated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) issued by the American Psychiatric Association.?? The characteristics of a mood state are known as specifiers which add more detail to a diagnosis and help ensure that the most appropriate treatment is prescribed. In this way, a person is not treated for a mania/hypomania if the underlying mood state is depression or vice versa.   While one mood state will typically predominate during a mixed episode, in their totality, the body of symptoms will be contradictory. An example might be someone in a hyperactive state who has feelings of deep guilt or remorse (the latter feature being  symptomatic of depression). Alternately, a person may be crying uncontrollably but be fixated on performing a task that has to be done now (the latter feature being  symptomatic of mania). People who experience mixed episodes generally have worse symptoms, more frequent recurrence of acute episodes, an increased risk of psychosis, and greater difficulty in finding an effective treatment. Diagnosing Bipolar Mania With Mixed Features If you are in a manic or hypomanic state with mixed features, you will have met the full diagnostic criteria for a recent manic or hypomanic episode but would also have experienced at least three symptoms of depression during the majority of the same time frame:?? A persistent feeling of sadness or emptinessA loss of interest or pleasure in activities you usually enjoySpeaking or responding more slowly than is normalPersistent fatigue  and loss of energyHaving feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guiltRecurrent thoughts of death or suicide The doctor would need to ensure that there are no other explanations for the depressive symptoms, such as alcohol abuse or pharmaceutical or recreational drugs like opioids or benzodiazepines. This is especially important to note given that more than half of the people diagnosed with bipolar disorder abuse drugs and/or alcohol. As a rule, substance abuse is associated with greater disease severity and poorer control of bipolar symptoms.?? Diagnosing Bipolar Depression With Mixed Features If you are in a depressed state with mixed features, you will meet the full diagnostic criteria for a recent major depressive episode but will also have experienced at least three symptoms of mania or hypomania during the majority of the same time frame:?? An excessively elevated and expansive mood stateInflated self-esteem or grandiosityAn excessively talkative state or feeling pressured to keep talkingRacing thoughts or flight of ideasIncreased energy with a focus on goal-oriented tasksUnwarranted risk-taking (financial, physical, sexual, etc.)A decreased need for sleep To make the diagnosis, the doctor would need to ensure that there are no other causes of the depressive symptoms, such as a neurological disorder or pharmaceutical or recreational stimulants like crystal methamphetamine, cocaine, or Ritalin. Treatment The treatment of a mixed episode of bipolar disorder is complex and may involve a combination of mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics.?? Antidepressants are almost always avoided as they are more likely to trigger an acute manic episode. Depakote (sodium valproate) is an anticonvulsant drug that also functions as an effective mood stabilizer. It is often the first-line drug of choice in treating bipolar disorder with mixed features. Other mood stabilizers include Lamictal (lamotrigine) and Tegretol (carbamazepine). Get Help From the Best Online Therapy Programs The atypical antipsychotics commonly prescribed include Abilify (aripiprazole), Risperdal (risperidone), Seroquel (quetiapine), and Zyprexa (olanzapine). In some cases, an atypical antipsychotic will be used on its own after which a mood stabilizer may be added when the acute symptoms are under control. If medications are unable to control the severity and/or frequency of acute episodes, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be recommended. Despite its scary reputation, ECT can provide relief at any phase of bipolar disorder, including episodes with mixed features.

Nike Shifts with Its Environment - 700 Words

Case Analysis – Nike Shifts With Its Environment 1. From what you can tell by reading the case, in addition to other information you know about Nike, how has each element of the company’s microenvironment contributed to its development of the new stores and their innovative features? ÃŽ » Nike+: With Nike+, runners can measure their exercise time, pace, energy consumption, etc. Meanwhile, these data can be uploaded to a dedicated community of runners named nikeplus.com. Thus, runners can get professional training advice, or share their experience with others. This move brought a lot of benefits for the Nike. By helping runners do exercise training, Nike can build brand intimacy and professional degrees, while analyze consumers based on data†¦show more content†¦(Stanley). Joga is not only the worlds first football fan community website, but also the Nike’s first step towards online community concept. 2. What is the influence of the various components of the macroenvironment on the company’s present situation? Over the past three years, Nike has sharply decline 40% investment in television and print advertising within the U.S. market. However, its overall marketing budget climbed to $ 2.4 billion (2010) of the record. (Cendrowski). Advertising campaign of selling only one popular product has gone, replaced by a full set of new methods, which are fulfilled of interactive elements that can communicate directly with consumers. The reason of this shift is very simple: Nike goes where customers go. Its core customer base is 17-year-old juvenile who will spend 20 percent more money on shoes than adults. (Cendrowski). They have discarded television and turned to walk in the online community. Nike not only believes it can break away from massive TV advertisings, but also says that the digital world will make closer interaction between brands and consumers. 3. Concerning current social attitudes and values, do you believe Nike is on the right track in its approach? Why or why not? What additional suggestions would you offer the company? In my opinion, I do believe that Nike find a suitable way for its development. The new creative marketing ideas and unique network marketing not only bring great wealth for Nike, but alsoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Sweatshops810 Words   |  4 PagesNike’s Sweatshop Issues Nike is a widely known and respected athletic company, but they treat their employees with the least amount of respect such as, â€Å"verbal and physical abuse, shockingly high rates of sexual harassment, forced overtime, denied sick leave, inadequate access to medical care†(O’Rourke). Many people are unaware of how poorly these sweatshop workers are treated every day. 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Summary Of Immigrant Daughter And Loose Change Essay

Anna Safavi Paper Assignment, â€Å"Immigrant Daughter† and â€Å"Loose Change† Fran Esquibal in â€Å"The Immigrant Daughter†, and the women in â€Å"loose change† go through different processes of liberation. They find liberation in different aspects of their lives like the education, relationships, and independence. Each one of them finds a different way to deal with their problems but the process that they go through to find liberation is different for them. In the â€Å"Migrant Daughter†, Fran slowly becomes more and more interested in education, and later she realizes that with education and knowledge she can build a better life for herself. Because very early on we read that Fran is unhappy with the situation that her family is in economically, and she doesn’t want the same life. She goes on to understand the relationship between the level of education and the money and job security that comes with it. With that knowledge and her interest in her school subjects, she works hard to get good grades at high school in order to eventually go to College. And in college she works hard at achieving her goals and becoming a teacher to be able to secure a better life for her. Susie in â€Å"loose Change† comes from a wealthy family and when she goes to college she is not expecting a better life for her self. She goes to college because of her wealth and status and because many girls her age are starting to go to college. The college experience for Susie is a very different one from Fran. 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Proc Report Secreates Free Essays

string(101) " data set variable that is listed in the COLUMN statement will be associated with the SUM statistic\." PharmaSUG 2012 – Paper TF20-SAS PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software Allison McMahill Booth, SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA ABSTRACT Have you ever wondered why a numeric variable is referenced in different forms within a COMPUTE block? Do you know the difference between a DATA step variable and a variable that is listed in the COLUMN statement? Then, this paper is for you! Welcome to PROC REPORT Unwrapped. We are looking at PROC REPORT and uncovering some of the behind-the-scenes details about this classic procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Proc Report Secreates or any similar topic only for you Order Now We will explore the components associated with PROC REPORT and discover ways to move column headings and change default attributes with styles and CALL DEFINE statements. We will also dig deep into example code and explore the new ability to use multilabel formatting for creating subgroup combinations. So for anyone who has ever written PROC REPORT code, stay tuned. It’s PROC REPORT Unwrapped! INTRODUCTION Which popular SAS procedure has features of the PRINT, MEANS, and TABULATE procedures and features of the DATA step in a single report-writing tool? It enables you to create a variety of reports including a detail report, which contains a row of data for every input data set observation, or a summary report, which consolidates data so that each row represents multiple input data set observations. Here is another hint: this same procedure provides the ability to create both default and customized summaries, add text and statistics, and create columns of data that do not exist in the input data set. If you guessed PROC REPORT, you are correct! For anyone who has written PROC REPORT code and has wondered what is going on behind the scenes, this is the paper for you. This paper explores some of the behind-the-scenes secrets of PROC REPORT. We will dig deep into example code as we begin to uncover some of the details of this classic report-writing procedure. As a bonus, you will discover some facts about the REPORT procedure that you might not have known. By the way, the code output in this paper is based on the SAS ® 9. 3 default output destination of HTML. Although most of the paper ontent can also be applied to the LISTING destination, the code that is shown in this paper is intended to be used in an Output Delivery System (ODS) destination, unless otherwise indicated. With that being said†¦are you ready to explore? Welcome to PROC REPORT Unwrapped! EXPLORING THE SECRETS (HOW IT’S MADE) PROC REPORT first began life as a procedure many years ago in SAS ® 6. Since then, it has been gaining popularity as the t ool of choice for report writing. Even with such popularity, there are still aspects of the REPORT procedure that can be further explored. In this segment, we will unwrap and explore some of the secrets behind this most popular procedure with a focus on the following components: ? referencing a numeric variable in a COMPUTE block ? exploring the difference between an input data set variable and a DATA step variable ? discovering ways to move column headings ? changing default attributes with styles ? using the CALL DEFINE statement ? exploring the new ability in SAS 9. 3 to use multilabel formatting for creating subgroup combinations Let’s start exploring the secrets! REFERENCING A NUMERIC VARIABLE IN A COMPUTE BLOCK All numeric variables are referenced the same way, right? Well, that depends on how the numeric variable is defined in the PROC REPORT DEFINE statement. Before we can explore more about the how a numeric variable is defined, we first need to understand some PROC REPORT basics. Then we will explore the many ways a numeric variable 1 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued can be defined in the DEFINE statement and how that definition determines the manner in which the variable is referenced in a COMPUTE block. In the PROC REPORT statement, the input data set is listed using the option DATA= . If the DATA= option is not specified, PROC REPORT will use the last data set that was created in the current SAS session. The input data set contains variables and observations. The variables are categorized as either character or numeric— that is it, character or numeric. PROC REPORT does not use all of the variables from the input data set. Only the input data set variables that are listed in the COLUMN statement or in the BY statement are used. All of the report items, including the variables from the input data set that are listed in the COLUMN statement can be used in a COMPUTE block. Each report item in the COLUMN statement has an associated DEFINE statement. If a DEFINE statement for the report item is not supplied, PROC REPORT will create a default DEFINE statement behind the scenes. If a COLUMN statement is not specified, PROC REPORT will create a COLUMN statement behind the scenes. The COLUMN statement will contain only the variables from the input data set in the order of the data set. DEFINE statements can be supplied without a supplied COLUMN statement. The minimum statements that are needed to run PROC REPORT are a PROC REPORT statement with an input data set and a RUN statement. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT will create all the necessary minimum default statements. To see the default statements, add the LIST option in the PROC REPORT statement. The LIST option will produce the basic code, including all of the DEFINE statements, in the SAS log. The NOWD option enables the report to run in the non-windowing mode. Here is an example of PROC REPORT code with the LIST option: proc report data=sashelp. class nowd list; run; The SAS log is shown in Output 1. Output 1. SAS Log Output By default, the DEFINE statement for a numeric input data set variable that is listed in the COLUMN statement will be associated with the SUM statistic. You read "Proc Report Secreates" in category "Papers" An alias for the SUM statistic is ANALYSIS. The SUM statistic is the most common statistic that is used in PROC REPORT code. The SUM statistic can be replaced with any valid PROC REPORT statistic such as MIN or MEAN. At BREAK and RBREAK rows, the numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic will consolidate automatically based on the associated statistic. When a numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic is referenced in a COMPUTE block, the form of the variable-name. statistic is used. In a COMPUTE block, if a numeric input data set variable name is used without the corresponding statistic (which is the statistic listed in the DEFINE statement), a note might be written to the SAS log. The following code will produce a note in the SAS log: roc report nowd data=sashelp. class; col age height weight total; define age / group; define height–weight/ mean; define total / computed; compute total; total=height. mean/weight; endcomp; run; 2 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued In the preceding code, the DEFINE statement for the WEIGHT variable lists MEAN as the statistic. The cal culation in the COMPUTE TOTAL block for the TOTAL COMPUTED variable shows the WEIGHT variable without the statistic of MEAN. PROC REPORT requires this statistic and does not recognize the WEIGHT variable. A note, such as the following, is produced in the SAS log: NOTE: Variable weight is uninitialized. PROC REPORT allows duplication of report items in the COLUMN statement. This duplicated report item becomes an alias. When an alias of the numeric input data set variable is referenced in a COMPUTE block, the alias name is used without the associated statistic. Behind the scenes, any duplication of the same variable or statistic in the COLUMN statement will be associated with an alias name. If an alias name is not specified, PROC REPORT will create one. To see the assigned alias name, add the LIST option to the PROC REPORT statement and review the SAS log for the code. Using the preceding code in this section, the HEIGHT variable is duplicated in the COLUMN statement as follows: col age height height weight total; The resulting SAS log is shown in Output 2. Output 2. SAS Log Output Showing an Alias Name of _A1 Assigned behind the Scenes When the numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic is associated with an across variable, the column number, in the form of Cn_, is used in a COMPUTE block. In the form of _Cn_, n is the column number. The position of the columns shown in the output report is based on the left-to-right placement of the report-items in the COLUMN statement. For example, if a numeric variable with an associated statistic is placed as the first column under the ACROSS grouping but it is the second column in the output report, _C2_ is the correct value to use in a COMPUTE block. Behind the scenes, all columns are considered to have a column number even if the column is not printed in the final output report. Here is an example COLUMN statement: col sex age, (weight height); In this column statement, the first value of the WEIGHT variable is in the second column in the report. AGE is an across variable and is not counted as a column. The first column of the WEIGHT variable is associated with the first value of AGE and is referenced in a COMPUTE block as _C2_. The next column of the WEIGHT variable that is associated with the second value of AGE is referenced in a COMPUTE block as _C4_. Each unique value of the across variable becomes a header. Under each ACROSS header are the columns of variables that are associated with each unique across variable value. Each variable associated with an across variable becomes a column under the unique variable value. The number of unique values of an across variable controls the number of columns that are created for a variable associated with the across variable from the COLUMN statement. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT has to know the specific column placement of a variable that is referenced in a COMPUTE block. The _Cn_ is used instead of the variable-name. statistic, the alias name, or the variable name. PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued The following example code shows this concept: proc report nowd data=sashelp. class list; col age sex, (weight height total); define age / group; define sex / across; define height–weight/ sum format=8. 2; define total / computed format=8. 2; compute total; _c4_=_c2_/_c3_; _c7_=_c5_/_c6_; endcomp; run; The COMPUTE TOTAL block shows two assignment statements. Each assignment corresponds to a column of WEIGHT, HEIGHT, and TOTAL for each unique value of the across variable SEX. The resulting output is shown in Output 3. Output 3. Output Using _Cn_ in the COMPUTE TOTAL Calculations A numeric input data set variable can also be defined as DISPLAY, GROUP, ORDER, or COMPUTED. Because there is no statistic associated with these definitions, the numeric input data set variable name is used in a COMPUTE block. Regardless of the definition, the numeric report-item can still be used in any computation. However, for GROUP or ORDER definitions, behind the scenes the values are evaluated from the printed output report instead of the input data. This means that if the ORDER or GROUP defined variable for a particular row and column shows as a blank on the printed output report, a blank is the value that will be used for any computation or evaluation. The following code shows three different methods for assigning the value of the ORDER variable AGE to a COMPUTED variable. proc report nowd data=sashelp. class; col age newage1 newage2 newage3; define age / order; define newage1 / computed; define newage2 / computed; define newage3 / computed; /* method 1 */ compute newage1; newage1=age*1. 5; endcomp; /* method 2 */ ompute newage2; if age ne . then hold_age=age; newage2=hold_age*1. 5; endcomp; /* method 3 */ compute before age; before_age=age; endcomp; compute newage3; newage3=before_age*1. 5; endcomp; run; 4 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued In the first method, the value for NEWAGE1 will contain a value only when AGE has a value for the sam e row. In the second method, the value of NEWAGE2 will contain a value for every row because it is obtaining a value from the DATA step variable HOLD_AGE. In the third method, the value of NEWAGE3 will contain a value for every row because it is obtaining a value from the DATA step variable BEFORE_AGE. The DATA step variable is created in the COMPUTE BEFORE AGE block. Behind the scenes, a DATA step variable changes values only through the code instructions. Also, behind the scenes, GROUP and ORDER numeric input data set variables are internally set to a blank in the printed output report at the RBREAK level. A COMPUTE AFTER block with an assignment statement for a numeric GROUP or ORDER variable at the RBREAK level will be ignored. A DISPLAY is always set to a blank at the BREAK and RBREAK levels. If you are routing the report output to an ODS destination, using a COMPUTE block CALL DEFINE statement with the STYLE attribute name and a style option that will accept text, such as PRETEXT=, is a way to override the blank values. A COLUMN STATEMENT VARIABLE VERSUS A DATA STEP VARIABLE PROC REPORT creates a column type of output report based on the variables and statistics listed in the COLUMN statement. Any variable from the input data set that is to be used as a report column or used in a COMPUTE block has to be listed in the COLUMN statement. The placement of the report items, variables, and statistics in the COLUMN statement is very important. PROC REPORT reads and processes the report items from the COLUMN statement in a left-to-right, top-to-bottom direction. Until the report item is processed, it will be initialized to missing for numeric variables and blank for character variables. Once the entire COLUMN statement report-items are processed for a row, PROC REPORT reinitializes all of the report-items back to missing for numeric and blank for character variables. Then PROC REPORT begins the process all over again for the next row of data by processing the report items in the COLUMN statement in a left-to-right direction. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT consolidates all the input data set variables and statistics listed in the COLUMN statements for the execution of RBREAK BEFORE and BREAK BEFORE statements. For example, the RBREAK, meaning the report break, in the following code is calculated first: proc report nowd data=sashelp. class; col sex age,(height weight); define age / group; define height / min format=8. 2 ‘Height min’; efine weight / max format=8. 2 ‘Weight max’; rbreak before / summarize; run; The output is shown in Output 4. Output 4. PROC REPORT Output Showing the RBREAK Values COMPUTE blocks are also sensitive to the placement of the variables and statistics in the COLUMN statement. As PROC REPORT processes the report-items in a left-to-right direction, any associated COMPUTE blocks are also processed in the same order. This means that in a COMPUTE block that is based on a COLUMN statement reportitem, any referenced variable or statistic to the right of the COMPUTE block variable is missing. Simply put, PROC REPORT does not know about any report-item that is to the right of the COMPUTE block variable in the COLUMN statement. A DATA step variable, also referred to as a temporary variable, is different from the COLUMN statement variable. A DATA step variable is created and used in a COMPUTE block. It is not part of the COLUMN statement. The value of the DATA step variable comes directly from the code in a COMPUTE block. DATA step variables are often used in IF statements when there is a comparison of the current row value to that of the value in the DATA step variable. PROC REPORT recomputes a COMPUTED variable value at every row, including at the BREAK and RBREAK rows. Values are not accumulated. An accumulated value can be calculated quickly using a DATA step variable in a 5 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued COMPUTE block because the value changes through the code only. Behind the scenes, DATA step variables used to accumulate values also include values at the BREAK and RBREAK levels. Adding an IF statement to check the value of the _BREAK_ automatic variable will help control when the accumulations takes place. In the following code, the computed variable TOTAL_AGE is the sum of two variables from the COLUMN statement. ACCUM_AGE is the accumulated value of AGE stored in the DATA step variable TEMP_AGE. proc report nowd data=sashelp. class; col age total_age accum_age height weight; define age / group; define height / min format=8. 2 ‘Height min’; define weight / max format=8. 2 ‘Weight max’; define total_age / computed; define accum_age / computed; compute total_age; if _break_ eq ‘ ‘ then total_age+age; endcomp; compute accum_age; if _break_ eq ‘ ‘ then temp_age+age; accum_age=temp_age; endcomp; break after / summarize; run; The output is shown in Output 5. Output 5. Comparison of the TOTAL_AGE Column and the ACCUM_AGE Column Notice the difference between the TOTAL_AGE column and the ACCUM_AGE column in Output 5. The TOTAL_AGE and AGE values are reinitialized for every row so that the values are not accumulated. The ACCUM_AGE and AGE values are reinitialized for every row but the TEMP_AGE value is not. TEMP_AGE is a DATA step variable and is not listed in the COLUMN statement. The result is an accumulated column for ACCUM_AGE. The _BREAK_ automatic variable will be blank for detail rows. A quick way to determine the value of a _BREAK_ variable value is to create an output data set with the OUT= option in the PROC REPORT statement and examine the _BREAK_ values in the output data set. DISCOVERING WAYS TO MOVE COLUMN HEADERS By default, the column heading values come from the label in the DEFINE statement. If you do not specifically specify a label in your code either in the DEFINE statement or through a LABEL statement, add the LIST option to the PROC REPORT statement, submit your code, and look at the code that is created in the SAS log. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT will generate the default values it needs to create the output report. One of the default values is the label specified in the DEFINE statement. All of the column headings from the label option in the DEFINE statement span over a single column with one exception, variables that are defined as across variables. A column heading for an across variable can span over multiple columns. In the COLUMN statement, a comma after the across variable indicates which variable or group of variables are associated with the across variable. An example of PROC REPORT code containing an across variable is shown below: 6 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued title ‘Default Column Headers’; proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes; column Region Product,Sales; define Region / group format= $25. â€Å"Region†; define Product / across format= $14. â€Å"Product†; define Sales / sum format= DOLLAR12. â€Å"Total Sales†; run; Output 6 shows the PROC REPORT example output. Output 6. Default Column Heading with an Across Label Spanning over Multiple Columns Behind the scenes, each unique value of an across variable is transposed from a column to a row. The row data is not available for any further processing within the code as it now becomes a column heading. In Output 6, each value of Product becomes a column with the Product value as the column heading. Under each Product column heading value is the Sales variable column heading and data for the particular Product value. The heading label Total Sales for every column is redundant. The output report would look better if Total Sales were removed from under the Product column heading and placed above the Product column headings. PROC REPORT provides a way to add column heading information that can span over multiple columns by using a SPANNED HEADER. The SPANNED HEADER is used in the COLUMN statement in this way: column (‘spanned header text’ variable-list)†¦; The following example code shows three different methods for using the DEFINE statement and SPANNED HEADERS for creating the column heading: proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes split=’*’; olumn region (‘(1)Total Sales’ ‘(1)Product’ ‘(2)Total Sales*(2)Product’ product, sales); define region / group format= $25. â€Å"Region†; define product / across format= $14. â€Å"(3)Total Sales† â€Å"(3)Product† ; define sales / sum format=DOLLAR12. † † ; run; You can mix and match the methods. There is no best prac tice for using each method. The method that you choose depends on the look that you want for the column heading. The output is shown in Output 7. 7 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued Output 7. Moved Column Headings from Different Methods The three different methods are numbered in the example code and the output shown in Output 7: method (1) uses multiple SPANNED HEADER text; method (2) uses SPANNED HEADER text with the PROC REPORT SPLIT= character of * to force the text to continue on the next row; method (3) uses multiple labels in the DEFINE statement (you can also use a split character here). Let’s choose method (1) for the column heading and move the column heading to the top row. You can remove the label from the DEFINE statement by replacing the Region text with a blank â€Å" â€Å" and moving the Region text to a SPANNED HEADER in the COLUMN statement. There are three rows of headers. This means that the text of Region will need to be pushed up to the top row. You can do this by adding blank SPANNED HEADER text after the Region text in the COLUMN statement. Here is the modified PROC REPORT code with method (1) and the column heading text of Region: proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes split=’*’; column (‘Region’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ Region) (‘Total Sales’ ‘Product’ Product , Sales); define Region / group format= $25. † † ; define Product / across format= $14. † † ; define Sales / sum format=DOLLAR12. † † ; run; Output 8 shows the output. Output 8. Moving Column Headings Using Blank SPANNED HEADERS Behind the scenes, when there is a blank header row and the output is routed to an ODS destination, the blank row is removed automatically. This does not affect the LISTING output. If you want to preserve the blank row, change the blank label on one of the DEFINE statements that is not an across variable to some value. Then add a style 8 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued statement for the header, assigning the foreground color to the background color. For example, if your column heading background is purple, then the style statement for the DEFINE statement would look something like this: style(header)=[background=purple foreground=purple] With the background and the foreground assigned to the same color, any text in the label will blend into the background color. CHANGING DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES WITH STYLES Beginning with SAS 9. 3, the default output destination is HTML. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT is using the HTMLBLUE style. All the output in this paper all uses this default destination. What if you are not fond of the HTMLBLUE style? Then, what do you do if you want to change the default style of your output report? If you want to change the style of HTMLBLUE to another style that is supplied in the Sashelp. Tmplmst template store, you can run the following code to create a list of all the styles that are available: proc template; list styles; run; You can apply the styles by adding an ODS statement with the specified style before the PROC REPORT statement. For example, if you want to use the FESTIVAL style instead of the default HTMLBLUE style, the ODS statement would look similar to this: ods html style=festival; PROC REPORT also provides the ability to change the styles of the different report locations. Here are the style location values and a description for each that indicates which part of the report is affected: ? ? ? ? ? ? REPORT—the report as a whole HEADER|HDR—the column headings COLUMN—the column cells LINES—the lines generated by LINE statements SUMMARY—the summary rows created from BREAK and RBREAK statements CALLDEF—the cells identified by a CALL DEFINE statement All of the style locations are valid in the PROC REPORT statement. These styles apply to the entire location that is specified. The style locations can also be combined if the same attribute is being applied to multiple locations. This is the correct syntax: style= The following code shows how to apply the styles in the PROC REPORT statement: ods html style=festival; title ‘Styles on the PROC REPORT statement’; proc report nowd data=sashelp. class(obs=5) split=’*’ style(report)=[outputwidth=7in] style(column)=[background=lavender] style(header)=[foreground=green] style(summary)=[background=purple foreground=white] style(lines)=[background=lime] style(calldef)=[background=yellow foreground=black]; olumn name age sex weight height; define name / display; define age / order; define sex / display; define height–weight / sum; break after age / summarize; rbreak after / summarize; compute before; line ‘this is the beginning’; endcomp; 9 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued compute age ; if _break_ ne ‘ ‘ then call define(‘age’,’style’,’style=[pretext=†total†]’); endcomp; run; The STYLE options in the preceding PROC REPORT statement are formatting the output in this way: ? ? ? style(report) sets the report output width to 7 inches. style(column) sets the background for all of the columns to lavender. style(header) applies a green foreground to all of the headers. style(summary) sets all of the summary rows created from BREAK and RBREAK statements with a ? ? style(lines) sets the line statements to a background of lime. style(calldef) sets the foreground to black and background to yellow for the CALL DEFINE locations. background of purple and a foreground of white. The resulting report output is shown in Output 9. Output 9. Changing Default Styles in the PROC REPORT Statement The DEFINE statement supports two types of styles: STYLE(COLUMN) and STYLE(HEADER). STYLE(COLUMN) applies to the entire column but will not override any styles that are applied to other locations in the column. Using the same code in this section, you can modify the DEFINE statement for the NAME variable that creates the Name column like this: define name / display style(column header)=[background=plum]; The background of the HEADER and COLUMN locations for the NAME variable is set to plum. Because styles were applied already to the SUMMARY location, only the header and detail cells for the NAME column are changed to plum. A CALL DEFINE statement is used to override the SUMMARY style for the NAME column. The CALL DEFINE statement is discussed more in the next section. Output 10 is the resulting report output. Output 10. Changing the Default Styles for the NAME Column Using a DEFINE Statement 10 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued The BREAK and RBREAK statements support style changes for summary lines, customized lines, or both. A summary line is created from the BREAK or RBREAK statements. A customized line is created from a LINE statement within a COMPUTE BEFORE or a COMPUTE AFTER COMPUTE block. The is a break-variable that is defined as either GROUP or ORDER or the _PAGE_ location. A style on the BREAK and RBREAK statements will not override a cell style that is created by a CALL DEFINE statement or the STYLE(CALLDEF) option in the PROC REPORT statement. A CALL DEFINE statement will be used to make the style changes in this case. Using the same code in this section, you can modify the RBREAK statement like this: break after / summarize style=[background=pink foreground=black font_weight=bold]; The COMPUTE BEFORE or a COMPUTE AFTER supports a style option in the COMPUTE statement. A forward slash ‘/’ precedes the style option in the COMPUTE statement. The style option only applies to the LINE statement and will override any previous STYLE(LINES) requests. The style applies to all of the LINE s tatements within the COMPUTE block. Using the code from this section, a COMPUTE AFTER AGE block is added to show a style modification to the foreground of the LINE statement output. ompute after age/ style=[foreground=red]; line ‘ this is after age’; endcomp; A CALL DEFINE is a statement within a COMPUTE block. To change a style using a CALL DEFINE statement, the STYLE attribute is specified for the attribute-name and the style option is specified as the value. The following is the syntax for a CALL DEFINE statement: call define (column-id | _ROW_ , ‘attribute-name’, value); Here is the code with all of the style modifications: ods html style=festival; title ‘Changing Default Attributes with Styles’; proc report nowd data=sashelp. lass(obs=5) split=’*’ style(report)=[outputwidth=7in] style(column)=[background=lavender] style(header)=[foreground=green] style(summary)=[background=purple foreground=white] style(lines)=[background=lim e] style(calldef)=[background=yellow foreground=black]; column name age sex weight height; define name / display style(column header)=[background=plum]; define age / order; define sex / display; define height–weight / sum; break after age / summarize; rbreak after / summarize style=[background=pink foreground=black font_weight=bold]; ompute before; line ‘this is the beginning’; endcomp; compute age; if _break_ ne ‘ ‘ then call define(‘age’,’style’,’style=[pretext=†total†]’); endcomp; compute after age/ style=[foreground=red]; line ‘ this is after age’; endcomp; run; The updated output is shown in Output 11. 11 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued Output 11. Final Report Output with Changes to Default Attributes Using Style Options You also can change styles by using inline formatting. Inline formatting is a feature of the Output Delivery System that enables you to insert simple formatting text into ODS output by using the ODS ESCAPECHAR statement. For example, here is a TITLE statement and the resulting output: title ‘This is ^{style [color=red font_weight=bold] RED}’; This is RED The inline formatting in the TITLE statement changes the text of RED to the color of red. The caret (^) in the TITLE statement is the declared ODS ESCAPECHAR. The ODS ESCAPECHAR statement has to be submitted before any inline formatting will take place. The caret (^) can be any unique character that would not normally be in your code. USING THE CALL DEFINE STATEMENT The previous section discussed using the CALL DEFINE statement as a way to change a style by specifying the STYLE attribute for the attribute-name and the STYLE= option for the value. As mentioned earlier, this is the syntax for the CALL DEFINE statement: call define (column-id | _ROW_ , ‘attribute-name’, value); The column-id is the column name or the column number. The column-id can be specified as one of the following: ? ? ? ? ? ? a character literal (in quotation marks) that is the column name a character xpression that resolves to the column name a numeric literal that is the column number a numeric expression that resolves to the column number a name of the form _Cn_, where n is the column number the automatic variable _COL_, which identifies the column that contains the report-item to which the compute block is attached _ROW_ is an automatic variable that indicates that the value is to be applied to the entire row. Currently, the _ROW_ variable is applicable only with the STYLE attribute name. Behind the scenes, all of the COLUMN statement report-items are used to create the report. The columns created from the COLUMN statement report-items are placed in the same order, left to right. Each created column has a column number, beginning with ‘1’ for the left-most column on the report. All report-items have a column number, even if there are NOZERO, NOPRINT, and COMPLETECOLS options specified, because these options are applied after the report is created in memory. The following code shows the column number: 12 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued data test; nput type $ color $ counter; cards; aaa purple 1 aaa orange 1 bbb purple 2 ccc orange 2 ; run; proc report nowd data=test missing ; col counter type,color,counter=num; define counter / group ‘ ‘; define type / across ‘ ‘; define color / across ‘ ‘; define num / sum ‘ ‘ nozero; compute num; call define(4,’style’,’style=[background=purple]’) ; endcomp; run; Output 12 shows the output. Output12. PROC REPORT Output with the Incorrect Column Number Used in a CALL DEFINE Statement In the code above, the CALL DEFINE statement applies a purple background to the fourth column. There is a NOZERO option in the DEFINE statement for NUM, which instructs the report to not print that column if all the column values are zero or missing. By adding the SHOWALL option to the PROC REPORT statement and resubmitting the code, the resulting output in Output 13 shows the fourth column with a purple background. The SHOWALL option displays all of the NOPRINT option and NOZERO option columns in the output report. This option, with the LIST option, is good to use when debugging PROC REPORT code. proc report nowd data=test missing showall; Output 13. Resulting Output When the SHOWALL Option Is Applied to the PROC REPORT Statement If the intention is to change the background of the fourth column that is shown in Output 13, then here is the correct CALL DEFINE statement: call define(5,’style’,’style=[background=purple]’); There is no limit to the number of CALL DEFINE statements that can be used in a COMPUTE block. If there are duplicate styles that need to be applied to different cells, you might want to consider consolidating the CALL DEFINE statements. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT calls on the SAS DATA step compiler when a COMPUTE block is used. Most of the SAS DATA step code functionally is available to you when you create code for a COMPUTE block. One consolidation technique is to use a DO loop with a CALL DEFINE to loop through the column number to apply a style. Using the code in this section, here is a modification to the COMPUTE NUM block: 13 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued compute num; call define(_row_,’style’,’style=[background=wheat]’); do purple_column= 3 to 5 by 2; call define(purple_column,’style’,’style=[background=purple foreground=white font_weight=bold]’); end; ndcomp; The output is shown in Output 14. Output 14. Output Using Modified Code from the COMPUTE NUM Block We have seen examples of using the attribute name of STYLE. There are other attribute names that can be used. For example, if you want to make the contents of each cell a link to a specified Uniform Re source Locator (URL), you can use the URL attribute as the attribute-name and the link as the value. Before ODS, and yes, there was a time before ODS, there was the Output Window (known now as the LISTING destination). The only attribute that is specified in a CALL DEFINE statement for use in the Output Window is the  ® FORMAT attribute. Once ODS was introduced in SAS 7, the ability to use the FORMAT attribute included all output destinations. _ROW_ cannot be used when the FORMAT attribute name is specified in the CALL DEFINE statement. The best use of the FORMAT attribute can be illustrated by using the output from a PROC MEANS using the default statistics. The following PROC MEANS code creates an output data set and a PROC PRINT to print the output: proc means data=sashelp. class nway; where age=15; class age; var weight height; output out=means_output; run; proc print; run; The output is shown in Output 15. Output 15. PROC PRINT Output In looking at the output in Output 15, it really does not make sense for the N statistic for the WEIGHT and HEIGHT variables to have decimals. PROC REPORT allows an easy way to change the format for these two cells by using the CALL DEFINE statement within a COMPUTE block. The following PROC REPORT shows the CALL DEFINE with the FORMAT attribute. 14 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued proc report nowd data=means_output; col age _stat_ weight height; define age / order; efine _stat_ / display; define weight / sum format=8. 2; define height / sum format=8. 2; compute height; if _stat_=’N’ then do; call define(‘Weight. sum’,’format’,’8. ‘); call define(‘Height. sum’,’format’,’8. ‘); end; endcomp; run; The results are shown in Output 16. Output 16. PROC REPORT Output with a Cell Fo rmat Change The first row under the headers in Output 16 shows the N statistic for both the WEIGHT and HEIGHT columns without decimals. Any time there is a need to change the format of a cell within a column, the CALL DEFINE with the FORMAT attribute is the best method to use. The other choice would be to create a computed character variable version of the value with the desired format. But what fun would that be? EXPLORING MULTILABEL FORMATTING TO CREATE SUBGROUP COMBINATIONS You might be asking yourself, what is multilabel formatting? Admittedly, the concept of multilabel formatting baffled me at first. I knew other procedures such as PROC TABULATE and PROC MEANS worked with multilabel formatting, and therefore could not envision it with PROC REPORT. Multilabel formatting enables PROC REPORT to use a format label or labels for a given range or overlapping ranges to create a combination of subgroups. The multilabel formats are applied to either group or across variables. It was not until I had a scenario where I needed to create a report with various subgroupings that I began to appreciate using multilabel formatting. Unfortunately, because multilabel formatting was not available for PROC REPORT in the version of SAS that I was using, my only choice was to slice and dice the data prior to the PROC REPORT step. Multilabel formatting is new for PROC REPORT in SAS 9. 3. The multilabel format is created with PROC FORMAT. The option of multilabel within parentheses is applied to the VALUE statement after the format name. A syntax error, such as the following, will occur in the SAS log if the multilabel option is added without the parentheses: ERROR 22-322: Syntax error, expecting one of the following: a quoted string, a numeric constant, a datetime constant, a missing value, ;, (, LOW, OTHER. ERROR 202-322: The option or parameter is not recognized and will be ignored. If there are overlapping ranges on the labels of the VALUE statement, error messages such as the following will be created in the SAS log for each overlapping range: ERROR: These two ranges overlap: LOW-16 and 11-13 (fuzz=1E-12). ERROR: These two ranges overlap: 11-14 and 11-15 (fuzz=1E-12). In the following example PROC FORMAT code, the multilabel option within parentheses is listed after the format name of AGEFMT in the VALUE statement: 15 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued proc format; value agefmt (multilabel) 11-13 =’ 11 to 13†² 11-14 =’ 11 to 14†² 11-15 =’ 11 to 15†² 11-high =’11 and above’ low-16 =’16 and below’ ; run; You might have noticed that some of the labels contain leading blanks. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT applies the format before creating groups and the formatted values are used for ordering. Without the leading spaces, the category of ‘11 and above’ will be the first group printed because an ‘a’ in ‘and’ precedes a ‘t’ in ‘to’ for an ascending ordering schema. Adding leading spaces is a way to ensure the desired grouping order. In the example PROC REPORT code below, AGEFMT format is added to the DEFINE AGE statement. Notice that there is also the option of MLF. The MLF option is required when multilabel formatting is desired. itle â€Å"Multilabel Formatting†; proc report data=sashelp. class nowd; col sex age (‘Mean’ height weight); define sex / group; define age / group mlf format=agefmt. ‘Age Groups’; define height / mean format=6. 2 ‘Height (in. )’; define weight / mean format=6. 2 ‘Weight (lbs. )’; rbreak after / summarize; ru n; The output is shown below in Output 17. Output 17. Multilabel Formatting HTML Output The multilabel formatting is applied only to a group or across variable. If you try to apply the MLF option to any other definition, a warning message will be produced. For example, if the group variable is changed to an order variable for the DEFINE AGE statement, the SAS log will show the following warning: WARNING: The MLF option is valid only with GROUP and ACROSS variables. MLF will have no effect for the variable age. If you need to create a detailed report instead of a summary report, you can change any other group variable to an order variable or add an order variable. For example, using the code in this section, if the DEFINE SEX/GROUP is changed to DEFINE SEX/ORDER, a detailed report showing a row for every observation from the input data set will be produced. 16 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued DID YOU KNOW†¦ Now that you know the behind-the-scenes secrets of PROC REPORT, here are some other little-known facts of interest. Did you know that PROC REPORT started out as an interactive windowing product and the interactive window is the default environment? Are you not sure what an interactive window is? Most of us have accidentally invoked PROC REPORT code without the NOWD, NOWINDOWS, or the NOFS option and end up in an unfamiliar window. This unfamiliar window is actually the REPORT window. Here is sample PROC REPORT code that invokes the REPORT window: proc report data=sashelp. class; run; The REPORT window is shown in Display 1. Display 1. The REPORT Window Showing PROC REPORT Code In fact, the REPORT window can be found in different places of SAS. For example, the Report Editor under the Tools menu and the Design Report selection under Reporting in the Solutions menu item both invoke the REPORT window. Entering TREPORT in the command line box will also invoke the REPORT WINDOW. For anyone new to PROC REPORT, using the report in the window mode is a wonderful way to quickly create an immediate report. The code can be found in the Report Statements selection located in the Tools menu from the REPORT window. For experienced PROC REPORT coders, using the REPORT window to create the code saves time typing. Make sure that the NOWD option is added to the PROC REPORT statement when you are running in an editor. As new options are added to PROC REPORT, most of them will also work in the windowing mode. The exception is with ODS. The windowing mode of PROC REPORT does not support any of the ODS functionality. So check it out!  ®  ® Also, did you know that for SAS Enterprise Guide users, there is a wizard that uses PROC REPORT behind the scenes? It is called the List Report wizard. You can invoke the List Report window through the Describe selection under the Tasks menu item. The List Report wizard was designed for the user who has little to no SAS or PROC REPORT experience. Only the underlying code reveals that PROC REPORT was used behind the scenes. Display 2 shows the SAS Enterprise Guide List Report wizard. Display 2. The SAS Enterprise Guide List Report Wizard 17 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued CONCLUSION So there you have it. We have discovered the secrets behind how PROC REPORT is made by exploring a numeric variable in a COMPUTE block, the difference between an input data set variable and a DATA step variable, and ways to move column headings, change attributes with styles, use the CALL DEFINE statement, and explore the multilabel formatting. We dug deep into example code and even unwrapped some of the little known facts about PROC REPORT. That is all the time we have and thank you for taking part in PROC REPORT Unwrapped! RECOMMENDED READING Booth, Allison McMahill. 2011. Beyond the Basics: Advanced PROC REPORT Tips and Tricks Updated for SAS ® 9. 2. † Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2012 Conference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/proceedings11/246-2011. pdf. Booth, Allison McMahill. 2010. â€Å"Evolve from a Carpenter’s Apprentice to a Master Woodworker: Creating a Plan for Your Reports and Avoiding Common Pitfalls in REPORT Procedure Coding. † Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2010 Conference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/proceedings10/1332010. pdf. Booth, Allison McMahill. 2007. â€Å"Beyond the Basics: Advanced PROC REPORT Tips and Tricks. † Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2007 Conference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/rnd/papers/sgf07/sgf2007-report. pdf. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. â€Å"Find Your Answer in the SAS Knowledge Base. † SAS Customer Support Web Site. Available at support. sas. com/resources/.  ® SAS Institute Inc. 2012. â€Å"REPORT Procedure. † Base SAS 9. 3 Procedures Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/documentation/cdl/en/proc/63079/HTML/default/viewer. tm#p0bqogcics9o4xn17yvt2qjbgdpi. htm. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. â€Å"REPORT Procedure Windows. † Base SAS ® 9. 3 Procedures Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/documentation/cdl/en/proc/63079/HTML/default/viewer. htm#p10d8v5dnafqb9n1p35e7kp9q67e. htm. SAS Institute Inc. 2008. â€Å"The REPORT Procedure: Getting Started with the Basics. † Technical Paper. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/ProcReportBasics. pdf. SAS Institute Inc. 2008. â€Å"Using Style Elements in the REPORT and TABULATE Procedures. † Technical Paper. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/stylesinprocs. pdf. CONTACT INFORMATION Your comments and questions are valued and encouraged. Contact the author at: Allison McMahill Booth SAS Institute Inc. SAS Campus Drive Cary, NC 27513 E-mail: support@sas. com Web: support. sas. com SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other countries.  ® indicates USA registration. Other brand and product names are trademarks of their respective companies. 18 How to cite Proc Report Secreates, Papers

Symbolism Affect Your Interpretation of the Novel free essay sample

Alice Walker uses symbolism, and imagery to affect the reader’s interpretation of the novel through very complex themes of religious influence, oppression and emotion developed from these literary devices. This has a profound influence on the reader’s interpretation of the novel as it suggests certain opinions and points of view to them as well as giving them deeper insight to the emotions of the protagonist In â€Å"The Colour Purple† a strong theme of religious influence and interpretation is developed through use of symbolism and imagery. The fact that the letters are initially addressed to God, an entity in whom the protagonist strongly believes, has a significant symbolic impact on the novel. When Celie’s mother asks where her child came from she says â€Å"Its God’s† when clearly, it is her father’s child. The elliptical choice of â€Å"God† as the father of the baby is symbolic, and shows that the power her Pa wields over her makes him a God-like figure to her. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism Affect Your Interpretation of the Novel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is ironic the semantic field of the word â€Å"God† holds connotations of an all-powerful and infinitely benevolent entity. The irony of this is that whilst the true father of the baby, her â€Å"Pa†, holds a great deal of power over her, he is portrayed as anything but benevolent. If anything, he is more like Satan as he is seemingly the source of all the deplorable aspects of her life. This evokes a great deal of pathos from the reader and also antipathy towards her father. This clearly Illustrates for the reader who the protagonist and antagonists of the novel are Later in the novel, this symbolism is continued as the protagonist’s perception of God is explored through her dialogue with Shug Avery. Soon after discovering that her sister is still alive, she becomes frustrated and against the idea of praising God, exclaiming â€Å"What God do for me? † This is a typical reaction of people who have suffered in life to the concept of God. This anger she feels towards God for letting her suffer so much is a manifestation of all the anger she feels towards all the people who have wronged her in life. This further manifests itself when she decides, â€Å"She don’t write God no more† as she blames him for giving her a hard life. She also decides that God is a man, something that is of extreme significance as Celie attributes all of her life’s troubles and problems to men, and their mistreatment of her. She confesses to Shug Avery that she sees God as â€Å"Big and old and tall and greybearded and white† This perception of God is a fairly common one, along with the â€Å"white robed† and â€Å"barefooted† idea. Then Shug outlines her perceptions of God, and church, ideas that are not so common. Her ideas are extremely interesting; she says she never found God in church, and any God she found she â€Å"brought in† with her. The effect this has on the reader forms very strong empathy with the protagonist, as the thoughts she is having are very relatable. It also makes the reader question their own perceptions of God, thus making this novel seem to be a very philosophical one. With Shug’s help, Celie comes to see that God isn’t a bearded white man, he is â€Å"Everything†, he is in nature, people, the sky and all that is good. This is most strongly illustrated in the final letter of the book which she addresses â€Å"Dear God. Dear stars, dear trees, dear sky, sear peoples. Dear everything. † The syntax of those sentences as a list illustrates further that she sees God in everything that is good and beautiful. This shows that she has come back to God and her perceptions have changed dramatically. This symbolises the end of a journey as Celie comes to accept God once more and it also symbolises that fact that she has moved on with her life and is finally happy. She’s also This creates more empathy from the reader who feels joy for the protagonist as well as showing that she has overcome her hardships. Overall this idea of a journey creates a sense of this being a very biographical novel. The fact that it is in epistolary form makes the novel much more personal and relatable for the reader. When Celie leaves Mr. __ she finds her inner self and gains a lot more personality. At the beginning of the novel, she never mentions her emotions, just physical feelings. This is symbolic of the fact that in her oppression, she was just surviving rather than living. She was very much a shell, her body existed but her inner spirit was suppressed greatly. The first time emotions are brought in are when Celie discovers that her sister is still alive. Her break from oppression to become her own person is symbolised by the pants. The making of pants is theraputic for her, she claims she â€Å"aint been able to stop† after she started. This is the first thing shes ever chosen to do herself so they are symbolic of her newfound independence. Also in that society, pants were considered to be a men’s item of clothing, so the wearing of pants by Celie and Shug is symbolic of their fight against sexism and the patriarchal society. The fact that she starts to make money from the pants furthers the idea of independence. The effect on the reader of this is it gives an idea of this being a very political novel and being about a struggle for freedom. The colour purple is a regal colour representative of affluence and the good things in life created by God for the people to enjoy. At the beginning of the beginning of the book, Celie has no sense of the colour purple, she has a terrible life in which she is just surviving rather than really living. The lack of emotion at the beginning clearly shows this. As a result, she doesn’t have the capacity to sense the colour purple, she cant appreciate the simple beauty of life and nature as her conditions are so oppressive that she cant see any good. Shug helps her to see the good in life when she shows Celie that God is in everything and telling her to â€Å"relax, go with everything that’s going and praise God by liking what you like. † This overall analysis of God and the form In which he exists prompts the reader to question their own view on God, especially the way in which society depicts him and his laws.